{"id":21212,"date":"2022-02-15T15:24:25","date_gmt":"2022-02-15T08:24:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/de-coffee.com\/?p=21212"},"modified":"2022-02-15T15:25:49","modified_gmt":"2022-02-15T08:25:49","slug":"tieu-su-cua-cac-mac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/","title":{"rendered":"TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C M\u00c1C"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">C\u00e1c M\u00e1c sinh ng\u00e0y 05 th\u00e1ng 05 n\u0103m 1918 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u01a1 \u2013 ri \u2013 \u01a1 (Ph\u1ed5). Cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do- th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1824 th\u00ec theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng phong l\u01b0u, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf T\u01a1 \u2013 ri \u2013 \u01a1, M\u00e1c v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Bon r\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p B\u00e9c \u2013 lanh; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 1841, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc xong v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc E-pi-quya. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i H\u00ea-ghen. \u1ede B\u00e9c-lanh, \u00f4ng gia nh\u1eadp \u201cph\u00e1i H\u00ea-ghen c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3\u201d (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Bru-n\u00f4, Bau-\u01a1, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch r\u00fat t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc H\u00ea-ghen ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ee5 \u1edf Bon v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh xin m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a L\u00fat-v\u00edch Ph\u01a1-b\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1832, n\u0103m 1836, l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng cho Ph\u01a1-b\u00e1ch v\u00e0o d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1841, c\u1ea5m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i Bru-n\u00f4 Bau-\u01a1 gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf Bon. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i H\u00ea-ghen c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1836, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Bru-n\u00f4 Bau-\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u201cB\u00e1o s\u00f4ng Ranh\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi 1842 th\u00ec M\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat; l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Bon \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00f4-l\u00f4-nh\u01a1. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n; v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, sau khi b\u1eaft t\u1edd b\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t hai l\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i ba l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 01 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1843 th\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u0103m 1843, M\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Gi\u00ean-ni ph\u00f4n Ve-xt\u01a1-pha-len \u1edf Cr\u00e2y-tx\u01a1-n\u00e1ch. M\u00f9a thu 1843, M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn Pa-ri \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00c1c-n\u00f4n Ru-gh\u00ea. T\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cNi\u00ean gi\u00e1m Ph\u00e1p \u2013 \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d. Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y, M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cph\u00ea b\u00ecnh g\u1eaft gao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed\u201d, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 \u2013 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1844. M\u00e1c vi\u1ebft\u00a0<strong>B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o kinh t\u1ebf &#8211; tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u0103m<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>1844<\/strong>, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y M\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ed9\u00a0<strong>T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/strong>. Th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 1845, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0<strong>Gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<\/strong>\u00a0c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0102ngghen vi\u1ebft chung ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i H\u00eaghen tr\u1ebb, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00eau ra vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1944, Phri-\u0111r\u00edch \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u1ebfn Pa-ri v\u00e0i h\u00f4m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c. C\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u0103ng h\u00e1i v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111ang s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u1edf Pa-ri. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1847, M\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0102ngghen gia nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng minh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i II c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng minh, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d (2 \/1948). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 n\u00e9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1cxit v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Khi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 1948 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, M\u00e1c b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi B\u1ec9, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Pari, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1849, t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u201cB\u00e1o s\u00f4ng Ranh m\u1edbi\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n do \u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat. N\u0103m 1849 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda t\u1edd b\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t M\u00e1c. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Paris, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i 3 th\u00e1ng. Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1849, t\u1eeb Paris M\u00e1c \u0111i Lon\u0111on th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi (1883).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qua th\u01b0 t\u1eeb trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa M\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0102ngghen v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh t\u00fang qu\u1eabn th\u1eb3ng tay gi\u00e0y v\u00f2; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u0102ghghen v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng M\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft xong b\u1ed9 \u201cT\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d, m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n ng\u00e3 qu\u1ef5 trong c\u1ea3nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n n\u1eefa. N\u0103m 1864, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf I n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, t\u1ee9c \u201cH\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Lu\u00e2n &#8211; \u0111\u00f4n, M\u00e1c l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i \u201cL\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi\u201d \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, ti\u1ec1n m\u00e1c-x\u00edt v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung, M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c duy nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Pari (1871) m\u00e0 M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cN\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p\u201d, 1871). Sau khi ph\u00e1i Ba-cu-nin g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd th\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf I kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf sang New York. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf I \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c sang t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang trong t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ng\u00e0y 02 th\u00e1ng Ch\u1ea1p 1881, v\u1ee3 M\u00e1c t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n; ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 03 n\u0103m 1883 \u00f4ng y\u00ean gi\u1ea5c ng\u00e0n thu tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf b\u00e0nh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an tang t\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a trang Hai-gh\u1ebft \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u2013 \u0111\u00f4n, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 an t\u00e1ng v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trong b\u00e0i \u201cS\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d (vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1880), \u0102ngghen vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cHai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y \u2013 quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3c tr\u1ea7n b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c. Nh\u1edd hai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam, trong m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Nguy\u1ec5n Thu Th\u1ee7y<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen: <em>To\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/em>, t\u1eadp 19, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1983, tr.439.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c -\u0102ngghen ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 \u2013 40 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ngay t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00fd lu\u1eadn soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[89,92,90],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n<title>TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C M\u00c1C - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc H\u1ea1 Long<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C M\u00c1C - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc H\u1ea1 Long\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c -\u0102ngghen ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 \u2013 40 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ngay t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00fd lu\u1eadn soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc H\u1ea1 Long\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-15T08:24:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-15T08:25:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00e0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00e0\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 ph\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00e0\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/#\/schema\/person\/131ee23766146bf5185a2b3970727b1b\"},\"headline\":\"TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C M\u00c1C\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-15T08:24:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-15T08:25:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/\"},\"wordCount\":1969,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\",\"Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc\",\"Tin t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\"],\"inLanguage\":\"vi\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/de-coffee.com\/khoa-khcb\/tieu-su-cua-cac-mac\/\",\"name\":\"TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C M\u00c1C - 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